Despite sales of coffee reaching billions of dollars worldwide, farmers producing coffee beans disproportionately live in poverty. Green, unroasted coffee is the most traded agricultural commodity and one of the most traded commodities overall, second only to petroleum. As of 2018, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total. Coffee plants are cultivated in over 70 countries, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are C. arabica and C. robusta. In the 20th century, coffee became a global commodity, creating different coffee cultures around the world. By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. The Yemenis procured the coffee beans from the Ethiopian Highlands via coastal Somali intermediaries and began cultivation. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking in the form of the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen from the mid-15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to current methods. Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has a long history tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often used to lessen the bitter taste or enhance the flavor.

Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways (e.g., espresso, French press, caffè latte, or already-brewed canned coffee). It is usually served hot, although chilled or iced coffee is common. The beans are roasted and then ground into fine particles that are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out, producing a cup of coffee. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a stimulating effect on humans, primarily due to its caffeine content, and is one of the most popular drinks in the world.įrom the coffee fruit, the seeds are separated to produce unroasted green coffee beans.

Coffee is a drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, seeds of the Coffea plant species.

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